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As per available reports about 4 Relevant Journals, 18 Conferences, 5 National Symposiums are presently dedicated exclusively Insulin Therapy and about 04 Open Access Articles are being published on Insulin Therapy.
Insulin therapy is the treatment of diabetes by administration of exogenous insulin. Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus insulin resistant have relatively low insulin production, or both; certain patients with Type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately.
The initial sources of insulin for clinical use in humans were cow, horse, pig or fish pancreases. Insulin from these sources is effective in humans as it is nearly identical to human insulin (three amino acid difference in bovine insulin, one amino acid difference in porcine). Differences in suitability of beef-, pork-, or fish-derived insulin for individual patients have historically been due to lower preparation purity resulting in allergic reactions to the presence of non-insulin substances. Insulin production from animal pancreases was widespread for decades, but very few patients today rely on insulin from animal sources, largely because few pharmaceutical companies sell it anymore.
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Scope and Importance of Insulin Therapy
Randomised controlled trials have shown that maintenance of blood glucose levels below 110 mg/dl with intensive insulin therapy reduces mortality and morbidity of surgical and medical critically ill patients. An absolute reduction in the risk of death of 3-4 % is expected in intention-to-treat analysis, but the survival benefit increases when treatment is continued for at least a few days.
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Insulin therapy is the treatment of diabetes by administration of exogenous insulin. Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus insulin resistant have relatively low insulin production, or both; certain patients with Type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately.
The initial sources of insulin for clinical use in humans were cow, horse, pig or fish pancreases. Insulin from these sources is effective in humans as it is nearly identical to human insulin (three amino acid difference in bovine insulin, one amino acid difference in porcine). Differences in suitability of beef-, pork-, or fish-derived insulin for individual patients have historically been due to lower preparation purity resulting in allergic reactions to the presence of non-insulin substances. Insulin production from animal pancreases was widespread for decades, but very few patients today rely on insulin from animal sources, largely because few pharmaceutical companies sell it anymore.
Eli Lilly marketed the first such insulin, Humulin, in 1982. Humulin was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering techniques in which actual human DNA is inserted into a host cell (E. coli in this case). The host cells are then allowed to grow and reproduce normally, and due to the inserted human DNA, they produce a synthetic version of human insulin. However, the clinical preparations prepared from such insulin differ from endogenous human insulin in several important respects; an example is the absence of C-peptide which has in recent years been shown to have systemic effects itself. Genentech developed the technique Lilly used to produce Humulin, although the company never commercially marketed the product themselves. Novo Nordisk has also developed genetically engineered insulin independently using a yeast process. According to a survey that the International Diabetes Federation conducted in 2002 on the access to and availability of insulin in its member countries, approximately 70% of the insulin that is currently sold in the world is recombinant, biosynthetic 'human' insulin. A majority of insulin used clinically today is produced this way, although the clinical evidence has provided conflicting evidence on whether this insulin is any less likely to produce an allergic reaction. Adverse reactions have been reported, these include loss of warning signs that sufferers may slip into a coma through hypoglycemia, convulsions, memory lapse and loss of concentration.
Market Analysis
The global human insulin market crossed $23 billion in 2013 and is poised to grow at a high double-digit CAGR from 2014 to 2019.The market is segmented based on products, and types of insulin. Based on products, the global human insulin market is segmented into biologics and biobetters, and biosimilars/biogenerics. Human insulin market is also segmented into traditional and modern human insulin. Of these, modern human insulin and biosimilarswill be the fastest-growing market in the next five years.The major factors propelling this growth are cost effective treatment offered while using modern human insulin and low price of biosimilars/biogeneric drugs of human insulin thereby stimulating the demand for biosimilar human insulin products.
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This page was last updated on November 5, 2024
