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Botulinum toxin is a protein also neurotoxin created by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Edward Schantz was the first to work on a unvarying botulinum toxin preparation used for therapeutic purposes, and Bushara proved that this toxin injections will inhibit sweating. And also these eight serologically dissimilar toxin types are designated A to H. Furthermore, six of the eight toxin types also have five subtypes of BoNT A have been distingished. This toxin is especially a two-chain polypeptide usually 100-kDa heavy chain joined by a disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain. The other is light chain a protease that attacks one of the combination proteins syntaxin at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to discharge acetylcholine. By inhibiting acetylcholine release, the toxin interferes with nerve impulses and causes flaccid paralysis of muscles, as contrasting to the spastic paralysis seen in tetanus. Botulinum toxin is denatured at temperatures greater than 80 °C. Botulism toxins are produced by species mainly C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense. Foodborne disease can be transmitted through food that has not been heated correctly prior to being canned or food that was not safe to eat. Most infant botulism cases cannot be prohibited because the bacteria that cause this infection are in mainly found in soil and dust. The bacteria can also be found inside home floors, carpet, and countertops still after cleaning. Each year the Neurotoxin conference includes about 740 submitted scientific papers. A technical program committee of more than 300 experts provides more than 1,250 reviews, and from this a small fraction of the submitted papers are accepted for publication and presentation at the conference.
OMICS Group International is an amalgamation of Open Access publications and worldwide international science conferences and events. Established in the year 2007 with the sole aim of making the information on Sciences and technology ‘Open Access’, OMICS Group publishes 400 online open access scholarly journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering, Management and Technology journals. OMICS Group has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on Science & technology to the doorsteps of ordinary men and women. Research Scholars, Students, Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research centers and the industry are main stakeholders that benefitted greatly from this knowledge dissemination. OMICS Group also organizes 300 International Conferences annually across the globe, where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions.
Conferences
1. 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Neurology & Therapeutics, USA
2. International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics ,USA
3. Atlas neuro tutorial ,Brazil
4. 13th Annual NYU Radiology Alpine Imaging Symposium in Deer Valley, USA
5. 14th Advanced Neuroradiology Course, Singapore
6. National Seminar on Neuro-Degenerative Disorders & Neuro-Lesions, India
7. The 2014 International Conference on Brain Informatics and Health, Poland
8. Advanced Neuro Imaging: Diffusion, Perfusion, Spectroscopy, Lithuania
9. Musculoskeletal, Neuro, and Body Imaging in the Emergency setting, USA
10. TOXINS 2015, Portugal
Associations
1. SOCIETE FRANCAISE DE NEURORADIOLOGIE, France
2. International Society of Bipolar Disorders,Canada
3. National Spasmodic dysphonia association, Illinois
4. National Spasmodic torticollis association, USA
5. CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR NEUROTOXINS IN PAIN, Canada
6. Interagency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee, USA
7. International neuro toxin association, Portugal
8. Centre Integrative Medicine, Toronto
9. Headache Center of Southern California, USA
10. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, USA
Companies
1. Botox®, USA
2. Dysport®, USA
3. MyoBloc®, Japan
4. Xeomin®, Europe
5. Puretox, Mentor
6. Reloxin, Europe
7. BTXA, China
8. Ipsen Pharmaceuticals, USA
9. NeuroBloc® , Japan
10. Allergan, Inc., Europe
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This page was last updated on November 5, 2024
