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Hemolytic anemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the uncharacteristic interruption of red blood cells, either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or somewhere else in the human body. It has several possible causes, ranging from relatively harmless to life-threatening. The overall classification of hemolytic anemia is whichever inherited or acquired. Treatment is subject to on the cause and nature of the breakdown. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are alike to other forms of anemia, fatigue and shortness of breath. But in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term difficulties, such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.
Hemolytic anemia involves the following:
Irregular and faster destruction of red cells and, in some anemia’s, their precursors
Better interruption of hemoglobin, which may result in:
1. Increased bilirubin level with jaundice
2. Increased fecal and urinary urobilinogen
3. Hemoglobinemia, methemalbuminemia, hemoglobinuria and hemosiderinuria
Bone marrow compensatory reaction:
1. Erythroid hyperplasia with faster production of red cells, reflected by reticulocytosis, and slight macrocytosis in peripheral blood
2. Development of bone marrow in infants and children with severe chronic hemolysis - changes in bone configuration visible on X-ray
The balance in the middle of red cell destruction and marrow compensation regulates the severity of anemia.
Generally, signs of anemia (pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath) are present. In small children, failure to thrive may happen in several form of anemia. Assured features of the medical history can recommend a reason for hemolysis, such as drugs, consumption of fava beans due to Favism, the occurrence of prosthetic heart valve, or other medical illness.Chronic hemolysis leads to an improved excretion of bilirubin into the biliary tract, which in turn may lead to gallstones. The continuous release of free hemoglobin has been related with the expansion of pulmonary hypertension (increased pressure over the pulmonary artery); this, in turn, leads to periods of syncope (fainting), chest pain, and progressive breathlessness. Pulmonary hypertension finally causes right ventricular heart failure, the symptoms of which are peripheral edemas (fluid accumulation in the skin of the legs) and ascites.
Causes:
They may be categorized according to the means of hemolysis, being whichever intrinsic in cases where the reason is related to the red blood cell (RBC) itself, or extrinsic in cases where reasonsexterior to the RBC dominate. Intrinsic effects may take in difficulties with RBC proteins or oxidative stress handling, but external reasonscontain immune attack and micro vascularantipathies (RBCs are mechanically damaged in circulation).
Intrinsic causes:
Hereditary (inherited) hemolytic anemia can be due to:
Defects of red blood cell membrane production
Defects in hemoglobin production
Defective red cell metabolism
Extrinsic causes:
Acquired hemolytic anemia may be initiated by immune-mediated causes, drugs and other miscellaneous causes. Immune-mediated causes could contain transient factors as in Mycoplasma pneumonia infection (cold agglutinin disease) or permanent factors as in autoimmune diseases like autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), sometimes referred to as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome, is a rare, acquired, in theory life-threatening disease of the blood characterized by complement-induced intravascular hemolytic anemia.
Any of the causes of hypersplenism such as portal hypertension. Acquired hemolytic anemia is also come upon in burns and as a result of certain infections. Lead poisoning resulting from the environment causes non-immune hemolytic anemia. Runners can suffer hemolytic anemia due to "foot strike hemolysis", due to the destruction of red blood cells in feet at foot impression. Low-grade hemolytic anemia happens in 70% of prosthetic heart valve recipients, and severe hemolytic anemia happens in 3%. Definitive therapy is determined by on the reason: Symptomatic treatment can be known by blood transfusion, if there is marked anemia. In severe immune-related hemolytic anemia, steroid therapy is occasionally needed. Sometimes splenectomy can be supportive where extravascular hemolysis, or hereditary spherocytosis, is predominant i.e. most of the red blood cells are being removed by the spleen.
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Conference on Hemolytic Anemia around globe:
Bari International Conference, 03 Oct 2014 05 Oct 2014 Bari, Italy; Hemolytic anemia and antimalarial, June 24, 2013 Pierre Lutgen
Relevant Associations and Societies:
American society of Hematology
The American Society for Clinical Investigation.
Association of naphthalene with acute hemolytic anemia.
Ranitidine-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a health maintenance organization population
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Rare Association
Major Companies Associated with the Hemolytic Anemia:
Hangzhou ich imp & exp co., ltd.
Riyuexin chemical industrial co., ltd.
Sino-future bio-tech co., ltd.
Shandong xinhua pharmaceutical co., ltd
Jingdezhen fullmoon trading development co., ltd.
Fresenius kabi anti-invectives
Fidei international developing company
Genentech
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This page was last updated on November 5, 2024
